Overview
Azoospermia is the absence of sperm in semen. It can be:
- Obstructive: blockages in the epididymis/vas deferens ejaculatory pathway.
- Non-obstructive: reduced/absent sperm production due to testicular or hormonal causes.
Evaluation typically includes semen analysis (×2), hormone profile (FSH/LH/testosterone), scrotal ultrasound, and, where indicated, genetic tests (e.g., Y-microdeletions) and biopsy—guided by a urologist/andrologist.